Multinational enterprises (MNEs) have have proven more resilient in terms of employment than purely domestic groups since the health crisis, especially in their home country.

The geographical origin of France's imports played a decisive role in the increase of its carbon footprint during the 2000s. This trend is primarily explained by the "China shock" followed by the rise in the economy's openness rate.

In discussions surrounding international trade agreements, European agriculture is often portrayed as a homogeneous sector, unable to compete on the global stage. This oversimplified perception fuels ongoing debates over market liberalization, foreign competition, and the safeguarding of domestic industries.

American protectionism constitutes an additional shock likely to reinforce trade within the Single Market.

Regardless of future US decisions, a return to the preexisting global trade order seems unlikely: trade with the United States is bound to become more expensive and more difficult.

How can Europe identify the threat of trade retaliation that allows it to establish the strongest negotiating position in dealing with the United States in merchandise trade alone?

Premature deindustrialization in most emerging and developing economies has been one of the defining trends of recent decades. The adoption of a fixed exchange regime by low-productivity countries particularly accelerates this phenomenon.

The importance of China in the imports of European countries varies significantly from one source to another, because of methodological differences in recording the country of origin of imports.

The trade sanctions imposed on the Russian economy not only restrict its supplies but also increase their cost.

The tariff strategy implemented since Donald Trump's inauguration has drawn attention to the extent of the U.S. economy's dependence on imports. The European Union (EU) ranks second among the suppliers on which the United States relies the most.